ABSTRACT
Phagocytic cells, polymorphonuclear leucocytes and macrophages, play an important role in non-specific cellular immunity, which is the first line of defense against infectious diseases. The purposes of this study were to clarify the combined effects of forced exercise and sleep disturbance on non-specific cellular immunity in mature rats, and to compare the effects between forced and voluntary exercise. Non-specific cellular immunity represented by the yield of cells from bronchoalveolar lavage and the superoxide-generating capacity of alveolar macrophages was investigated using mature rats.<BR>Male Wistar rats (11 weeks old) were divided into 5 groups:<BR>1) Training group ; exercised on a treadmill at a belt speed of 35 m/min for 15 min/day, <BR>2) Jet Lag group ; disturbance of the sleep cycle by day/night time shifts at 2-week intervals, <BR>3) Training+ Jet Lag (T + J) group ; exercised on a treadmill with sleep disturbance, a model identified by our research group to simulate chronic fatigue, 4) Voluntary group ; housed with running wheels, and 5) Control group ; housed under sedentary conditions.<BR>Body weight and food consumption measured during the experimental period showed coincidental changes. After 6 weeks of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed at the age of 17 weeks. Negative effects on non-specific cellular immunity were observed in the training group, and the rats were also slightly affected by sleep disturbance (Jet Lag group) . These negative effects seemed to be cumulative in the T+J group. In contrast, significant positive effects were observed in the voluntary group.<BR>These results suggest that stress, forced exercise and sleep disturbance negatively affect non-specific cellular immunity, and that voluntary exercise is able to enhance immunity even if it is started after maturation.
ABSTRACT
The principal objective of this paper is basic research on the development of an easy and rapid method to estimate physical fatigue levels. The focus of the research is to determine chronically fatigued conditions at an early stage for the prevention of chronic fatigue. Special attention was given to overtraining as one form of chronic fatigue in this paper. Long-distance runners representatives of a university in Tokyo nominated for Hakone-Ekiden were recruited as subjects. Examinations with informed consent were carried out on a once a month basis during 8 months and included the following; 1) physical characteristics ; body weight and body fat weight, 2) serum-biochemical test ; 6 parameters by the dry-chemistry method and the traditional method, 3) subjective fatigue levels ; the questionnaire of subjective symptom authorized by the Japan association of industrial health and the profile of mood state (POMS) . In this paper, data obtained from 19 male runners attending all 8 examinations were statistically analyzed.<BR>Serum parameters obtained by the dry-chemistry method, an easy and rapid method which provides clinical values on site, showed significant correlations with the traditional method.<BR>No correlation was observed between subjective fatigue scores and serum enzyme activity levels which were used as markers for estimation of physical fatigue levels in this study, however, monthly changes of enzyme levels and fatigue scores from July to August seemed to correlate in almost subjects. In contrast, using data obtained in the entire exprimental period, there was no relationship between the monthly changes of enzyme levels and fatigue scores. The results may indicate that some subjects exhibit gaps between physical fatigue and feelings of fatigue.<BR>The above mentioned results suggest that measurements of serum enzyme activity levels using the dry-chemistry method are a useful indicator for the prevention of overtraining.
ABSTRACT
Phagocytic cells, polymorphonuclear leucocytes and macrophage, play an important role in a non-specific cellular immunity which is first defense line for infectious disease. The purpose of this paper is to clarify combined effects of stressful exercise and sleep disturbance on rat non-specific cellular immunity represented by yields of cells from bronchoalveolar lavage and superoxide generating capacity of alveolar macrophage.<BR>Male Wistar rats ( 5 weeks old) were divided into following 4 groups. 1) Training group; exercised on a treadmill at a belt speed of 35 m/min for 45 min/day, 2) Jet Lag group; noninvasive sleep disturbance by the shifted day/night time every 2 week interval, 3) Training + Jet Lag (T+ J) group ; exercised on a treadmill with sleep disturbance, that we assumed one of chronic fatigue model in this paper, and 4) Control group ; set sedentary condition.<BR>After 6 weeks of the experiment, 2 groups were newly selected from T + J group for the examination of rest effects on the chronic fatigue model rats. And to examine the combined effects of stressful exercise and sleep disturbance on matured rats (11 weeks old), Acute Training + Jet Lag (AT+J) group was selected from the Control group.<BR>Rats were sacrificed at 11 and 17 weeks old. T + J group seemed to be able to adapt first 6 weeks but negative effects were found out at 17 weeks old. Same phenomena were also recognized in AT + J group. These results suggest that the chronic fatigue model rats may easily catch the infectious disease and there are possibility that both stress, stressful exercise and sleep disturbance, negatively affects the non-specific cellular immunity, especially after maturation.
ABSTRACT
Although it is generally thought that habitual exercise protects an individual from infections, few careful scientific studies have been conducted. To clarify the influences of physical training on non-specific humoral immunity, both serum opsonic activity, which is a more direct indicator for the strength of non-specific humoral immunity to infections, and serum immunoglobulin and complement levels of 18 healthy male volunteers were assayed before and after a 10-week of training as indices of immuno defense.<BR>The serum levels of three immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and 1gM) and one complement (C3) were compared prior to and immediately after exercise both before and after training. Paired t-test revealed that before training exercise-induced increases in IgG and C 3 were significant and after training increases in IgG, IgA, IgM and C 3 were significant. But baseline (prior to exercise) levels of these immunoglobulins and complement were significantly suppressed during the training period.<BR>Serum opsonic activity was compared with each other in the same way as serum protein levels. The noutrophilic chemiluminescence Peak Height (PH), which is one of the indicators of serum opsonic activity, was significantly decreased immediately after exercise at the beginning stage of the training. After the training period, serum opsonic activity showed no noteworthy exercise-induced variations and baseline levels were slightly increased during the training period.<BR>These findings suggest that resistance and reactivity to the physical stress are improved and the non-specific humoral immunity, self-defense ability against infections, is considered to be improved by the training.
ABSTRACT
This paper is intended to give the information we need about personal reactivity to transient loads for the object of estimating human physical fitness. For this purpose, both serum immunoglobulin levels and neutrophilic phagocytosis were assayed as indices to self-defense activities.<BR>To determine the later described reproducibility of experimental results, two independent experiments were made on two different groups -one consisting of twelve and the other of fourteen male voluntary students of our college- exercised in the playgroud. The serum levels of three immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM) and two complements (C3 and C4), prior to and immediately after exercise, were compared with each other. They rose without exception after exercise.<BR>Paired T-test revealed that in the group of twelve students, rises in IgG, IgA, C3, α-1-antitrypsin and transferrin were significant at P<0.1%, 5%, 5%, 5% and 0.1%, and in the group of fourteen rises in IgG, IgA, IgM, C 3, C 4, α-1-antitrypsin and transferrin were significant at P<1%, 0.1%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.1%, 0.1% and 0.1%, respectively.<BR>In the meantime, the neutrophilic phagocytosis (%) was significantly decreased immediately after exercise in both groups (P-<1% and P-<0.1% respectively) .